Aconcagua
A high Andean massif record covering uplifted rock structure, arid relief, glaciers, headwater valleys, and why the mountain is not a volcano.
Volcano Hub
Volcanoes, cones, calderas, and lava-built terrain.
The volcanoes hub organizes volcanic landforms by cone type, magma setting, lava morphology, caldera structure, island building, eruption deposits, and plate-margin context.
Lead Records
Volcanic terrain references
Volcano pages should explain the visible landform first: cone shape, summit crater, lava apron, flank structure, eruption deposits, and regional tectonic setting.
Cotopaxi
An Ecuadorian volcano record with an ice-capped cone, crater structure, lahar channels, and Andean volcanic terrain.
Eyjafjallajokull
A southern Iceland stratovolcano record with an ice-filled summit caldera, outlet-glacier valleys, radial meltwater drainage, jökulhlaup pathways, and Eastern Volcanic Zone context.
Kilauea
A shield volcano record with summit caldera structure, rift zones, basalt lava fields, and Hawaiian island growth.
Krakatoa
A Sunda Strait caldera record with explosive eruption history, island remnants, crater collapse, and volcanic island rebuilding.
Mauna Loa
A Hawaiian shield volcano record covering broad lava slopes, rift zones, summit caldera, and ocean-island growth.
Mount Agung
An eastern Bali volcano record with a high summit ridge, steep-walled crater, radial ravines, lahar pathways, monsoon controls, and Sunda Arc context.
Mount Apo
A southern Mindanao volcano record with overlapping edifices, a broad three-peak summit, crater water, solfataras, radial watersheds, and humid mountain climate.
Mount Ararat
A compound volcanic massif record with twin cones, flank vents and lava fields, summit ice, radial drainage, and highland context.
Mount Baker
A heavily glaciated stratovolcano record with two craters, older volcanic remnants, Nooksack and Skagit headwaters, maritime snowfall, and lahar valleys.
Mount Bromo
An active pyroclastic cone record covering its summit crater, Tengger caldera floor, ash deposits, monsoon erosion, and Sunda Arc setting.
Mount Cameroon
A steep coastal stratovolcano record with fissure vents, cinder cones, basaltic lava fields, short drainage basins, and Gulf of Guinea rainfall.
Mount Elbrus
A twin-summit volcanic massif record with broad lava-built flanks, extensive glaciers, radial headwaters, and Greater Caucasus context.
Mount Erebus
An active Ross Island stratovolcano record with a caldera platform, summit crater and phonolite lava lake, glaciated flanks, and West Antarctic rift context.
Mount Etna
A Sicilian volcano record shaped by flank vents, lava fields, summit craters, ash deposits, and Mediterranean plate margins.
Mount Fuji
A Japanese volcanic cone record with symmetrical slopes, summit crater, lava and ash deposits, and island-arc context.
Mount Hekla
A southern Iceland stratovolcano record with an elongated summit fissure, lava-built flanks, groundwater drainage, maritime climate, and rift-transform context.
Mount Hood
A glaciated stratovolcano record covering andesite-dacite cone structure, radial river valleys, climate gradients, lahar deposits, and Cascade arc setting.
Mount Katmai
An Aleutian Range stratovolcano record with a lake-filled summit caldera, glacially cut flanks, radial drainage, North Pacific climate, and a 1912 collapse linked to Novarupta.
Mount Kilimanjaro
A three-cone volcanic massif record with Kibo's summit caldera, eroded Mawenzi and Shira terrain, radial drainage, elevation climate, and equatorial ice fields.
Mount Mayon
An Albay stratovolcano record with a steep central cone, small summit crater, radial ravines, volcanic fans, tropical rainfall, and Philippine Trench context.
Mount Merapi
A Java volcano record with a summit lava dome, steep radial ravines, pyroclastic deposits, lahar pathways, and Sunda Arc context.
Mount Nyiragongo
A steep East African Rift volcano record with a broad summit crater, inner terraces, flank fissures, fluid lava flows, and Lake Kivu basin context.
Mount Pelée
A Lesser Antilles stratovolcano record with summit lava domes, collapse scarps, ravine-cut pyroclastic slopes, tropical drainage, and island-arc context.
Mount Pinatubo
A Philippine volcano record with summit caldera collapse, crater lake setting, pyroclastic deposits, and lahar valleys.
Mount Rainier
A glacier-covered stratovolcano record linking cone form, summit craters, lahar valleys, and Cascade arc terrain.
Mount Rinjani
A northern Lombok volcano record with a high eastern summit, Segara Anak caldera and lake, Barujari cone, monsoon drainage, and Sunda Arc context.
Mount Ruapehu
A glaciated North Island stratovolcano record with a multi-peak summit, active crater lake, radial headwaters, lahar valleys, and Taupō Volcanic Zone context.
Mount Semeru
An East Java volcano record with the Mahameru summit, Jonggring-Seloko crater, a southeast-facing summit scar, radial valleys, monsoon drainage, and Tengger–Semeru context.
Mount Shasta
A compound stratovolcano record with overlapping cones, summit glaciers, radial headwaters, volcanic aprons, winter snow, and southern Cascade arc context.
Mount St. Helens
A Cascade volcano record with a breached crater, debris-avalanche terrain, ash deposits, and lava dome growth.
Mount Tambora
An Indonesian volcano record with a deep caldera, Sanggar Peninsula relief, pyroclastic deposits, and radial drainage.
Mount Unzen
A central Kyushu volcanic-complex record with young lava domes, fault-bounded uplands, short river valleys, collapse deposits, and Shimabara Peninsula context.
Mount Vesuvius
A Campanian volcano record linking cone form, caldera structure, ash deposits, and the Bay of Naples volcanic setting.
Mount Yasur
A southeastern Tanna volcano record with a scoria cone, compound summit crater, caldera-floor ash plain, changing drainage, tropical rainfall, and Vanuatu arc context.
Nevado del Ruiz
A glacier-capped stratovolcano record with Arenas crater, overlapping lava-built terrain, radial headwaters, lahar valleys, and Northern Volcanic Zone context.
Ol Doinyo Lengai
A northern Tanzanian stratovolcano record with twin summit craters, natrocarbonatite lava, seasonal radial drainage, dry basin climate, and Lake Natron rift context.
Pico de Orizaba
A high eastern Mexican volcano record with a summit crater, glaciated upper cone, radial headwaters, and volcanic-belt context.
Piton de la Fournaise
A southeastern Réunion volcano record with summit craters, the Enclos Fouqué, steep Grandes Pentes, a coastal lava apron, porous drainage, and windward tropical climate.
Popocatepetl
A central Mexican volcano record with a summit crater, steep cone, ash and lava deposits, lahar valleys, and volcanic-belt context.
Sakurajima
A southern Kyushu composite-volcano record with overlapping summit cones, short radial drainage, lava-built shores, and Aira caldera context.
Santorini Caldera
A flooded caldera record with island-ring cliffs, pumice deposits, central volcanic islands, and Aegean arc context.
Stromboli
A steep Tyrrhenian island-volcano record with a crater terrace, Sciara del Fuoco collapse flank, seasonal drainage, submarine relief, and Aeolian arc context.
Taal Volcano
A southwestern Luzon volcano record with a lake-filled caldera, Volcano Island cones and craters, Pansipit River drainage, and volcanic-arc context.
Teide
A central Tenerife volcano record with a summit cone, Pico Viejo complex, Las Cañadas caldera setting, lava fields, porous drainage, and high-altitude climate.
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Yellowstone Caldera
A high-plateau caldera record with resurgent domes, rhyolite lava flows, lake and river drainage, hydrothermal terrain, and hotspot-track context.
Thumbnail image credits 46 sources
Images are stored locally or hosted by the credited provider. Creator, source, and usage details for each centre-cropped thumbnail are listed below.
- Aconcagua — Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, CC BY-SA 4.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Cotopaxi — Gerard Prins, CC BY-SA 3.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Eyjafjallajokull — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Kilauea — USGS/K. Lynn, Public domain. Centre-cropped for display.
- Krakatoa — Lithograph: Parker & Coward, Britain;, Public domain. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mauna Loa — J.D. Griggs, Public domain. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Agung — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Apo — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Ararat — Սէրուժ Ուրիշեան (Serouj Ourishian), CC BY 4.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Baker — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Bromo — Riza Nugraha ? from Utrecht, The Netherlands, CC BY 2.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Cameroon — Yona Tientcheu, CC BY-SA 4.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Elbrus — Aleksandr Markin, CC BY-SA 2.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Erebus — Richard Waitt, U.S. Geological Survey, Public domain. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Etna — BenAveling, CC BY-SA 4.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Fuji — Suicasmo, CC BY-SA 4.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Hekla — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Hood — Kevin Crosby, CC BY-SA 2.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Katmai — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Kilimanjaro — © Sergey Pesterev / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Mayon — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Merapi — Fahmi Widayat, CC BY-SA 4.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Nyiragongo — MONUSCO/Neil Wetmore, CC BY-SA 2.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Pelée — Rehcral, CC BY-SA 4.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Pinatubo — Sindre Helvik, CC BY 3.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Rainier — Caleb Riston, CC0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Rinjani — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Ruapehu — Geoff McKay, CC BY 2.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Semeru — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Shasta — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount St. Helens — Lyn Topinka, Public domain. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Tambora — This image was taken by the NASA Expedition 20 crew., Public domain. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Unzen — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Vesuvius — pietro scerrato, CC BY 3.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Mount Yasur — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Nevado del Ruiz — Edgar from Ibagué, Colombia, CC BY-SA 2.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Ol Doinyo Lengai — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Pico de Orizaba — México en Fotos, CC BY-SA 2.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Piton de la Fournaise — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Popocatepetl — Jakub Hejtmánek at Czech Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Sakurajima — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Santorini Caldera — Dietmar Rabich, CC BY-SA 4.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Stromboli — Geography Atlas, generated with OpenAI, Original AI-generated project asset. Centre-cropped for display.
- Taal Volcano — Ray in Manila, CC BY 2.0. Centre-cropped for display.
- Teide — Thomas Wolf, www.foto-tw.de, CC BY-SA 3.0 de. Centre-cropped for display.
- Yellowstone Caldera — Ed Austin/Herb Jones, Public domain. Centre-cropped for display.